Teflon Fluorocarbon Resin
Table 1
*Typical values are unsuitable for specifications. Properties were measured at 23 degreesC (73 degreesF), unless otherwise noted.
**Statements regarding behavior in a flame situation are not intended to reflect hazards presented by this or any other material when under actual fire conditions. The following characteristics contribute to the unique properties of Teflon fluorocarbon resins:
- Nonpolarity:The carbon backbone of the linear polymer is completely sheathed by the electron cloud of fluorine atoms, much like a wire core is protected by insulation coating. This ensheathment, and the angles at which the carbon-fluorine bonds are disposed, causes the centers of electronegativity and electropositivity to be perfectly balanced across the polymer chain cross section. As a result, no net charge difference prevails. This nonpolarity of the polymer is partly responsible for its lack of chemical reactivity.
- Low interchain forces:The bond forces between two adjacent polymer chains are significantly lower than the forces within one chain. Teflon PTFE linear polymer chains are otherwise restrained. However, in Teflon FEP and Teflon PFA, interpolymer chain entanglement of the pendant structure precludes the shifting of polymer chains to relieve the implied load. The "creep" normally associated with Teflon PTFE is mostly avoided with Teflon FEP and even more so with Teflon PFA.
- High C-F and C-C bond strengths are among the strongest in single bond organic chemistry. The polymer must absorb considerable energy to disrupt these bonds. Chemical reactions represent a kinetic and thermodynamic resolution of bond-making and bond-breaking in favor of the most stable system. These bond strengths are hard to overcome.
- Crystallinity:The high degree of crystallinity in these semicrystalline polymers results in high melting points, mechanical properties, and an integral barrier to migrating, small, nonpolar molecules. Under certain conditions, these molecules penetrate the plastics.
- High degree of polymerization: The unbranched nature of the polymers and their low interpolymer chain attraction requires very long chain lengths in Teflon PTFE and entanglement in Teflon FEP and Teflon PFA to provide load-bearing mechanical properties. The chain length also has an impact on flow and crystallinity of the polymers. These unique properties lead to the following benefits:
- High melting points (327°C [621°F] for Teflon PTFE; 260°C [500°F] for Teflon FEP, and 305°C [582°F] for Teflon PFA). The melting point of Teflon PTFE is one of the highest in organic polymer chemistry. Other materials can attain higher temperatures, but they degrade rather than melt. Compared to Teflon PTFE, the lower melting temperature of Teflon FEP results from lower°of polymerization and crystallinity. In Teflon PFA, a higher degree of polymerization, enhanced entanglement of the pendant structure, and lower comonomer content combine to provide a melting point closer to that of Teflon PTFE.
- High thermal stability:Due to the strength of the carbon-fluorine and carbon-carbon single bonds, appreciable thermal energy must be absorbed by the polymers before thermal degradation. The rate of decomposition of a part of Teflon depends on the particular resin, temperature, and heat exposure time; and to a lesser extent, pressure and nature of the environment. At maximum continuous service temperatures, thermal degradation of the resins is minimal. For example, at 400°C, Teflon FEP is measured at 4/100,000 of 1 percent, and Teflon PTFE at 1/100,000 of 1 percent. At high processing temperatures, adequate ventilation is recommended.
- High upper service temperature (260°C [500°F] for Teflon PTFE, 204°C [400°F] for Teflon FEP and 260°C [500°F] for Teflon PFA). The polymers' high melting points and morphological features allow components made from the resin to be used continuously at the stated temperatures. Above this temperature, the component's physical properties may begin to decrease. The polymer itself, however, will be unaffected if the temperature is insufficient for thermal degradation.
- Insolubility:There is no known solvent for Teflon fluorocarbon resins under ordinary conditions.
- Inertness to chemical attack:The intrapolymer-chain bond strengths preclude reaction with most chemicals. Under relatively unusual circumstances the polymer can be made to react. Examples of unusual reagents include:
- Sodium, in a suitable media, etches the fluorocarbon polymer.
- Finely divided metals often interact with the polymer.
- Interhalogen compounds often induce halogen interchange with the fluorine.
- Ionized oxygen in oxygen plasma is often sufficiently energetic to react with the polymer chain.
- Electron bombardment at the megarad level can sever the polymer chain.
- Low coefficient of friction:The low coefficient of friction of Teflon results from low interfacial forces between its surface and another material and the comparatively low force to deform.
- Low dielectric constant and dissipation factor:Teflon provides low, if not the lowest, values for these parameters. These low values arise from the polymer's nonpolarity as well as the tight electron hold in the ultrapolymer bonds.
- Low water absorptivity:For Teflon to absorb water, the surface must remain wet for a long enough time for water to become physico-chemically associated with the polymer chains, and then it must become included in the polymer bulk structure. Water is a very high energy material and Teflon has a very low surface energy. Therefore, these events are energetically incompatible and only occur under special circumstances and to a small extent.
- Excellent weatherability:Weather includes light of various wavelengths (IR, visible, UV), water (liquid or gas), other gases, and normal temperatures and pressure. The physical and chemical makeup of Teflon makes it inert to these influences.
- Flame resistant:Teflon will burn when exposed to flame, but will not continue to burn when the flame is removed.
- Excellent toughness:Some mechanical properties of Teflon resins are shown in Table 1. Toughness characteristics are high and differ somewhat between resin types.
Tefzel Fluoropolymer Resin
Replacement of fluorine in fluorocarbon polymers is only commercially successful when the fluorine is replaced by hydrogen or hydrogen and chlorine. However, the resulting polymers have significantly different properties from those of fully fluorinated resins. When this substitution occurs by regular alternation, polarity and mechanical properties are maximized. The polymer's polarity increases because the substituting elements:hydrogen and chlorine:have different electronegativities relative to fluorine. Also, the length of their bonds to carbon of the polymer backbone differ. Thus, the centers of electronegativity and electropositivity are not balanced between chains. The increased interpolymer chain attraction results in higher mechanical properties. In addition, the increased polarity/interpolymer attraction influences penetrants' permeation of the resin's amorphous component.However, the presence of hydrogen or of hydrogen and chlorine sacrifices chemical and thermal stability. For example, in simple molecules, the C-H bond is ~5 percent weaker than the C-F bond, and the C-C1 bond is 25 percent weaker.
In addition to weak chemical bonds, the arrangement of the substituting elements along the polymer chain has a marked effect on the resin's chemical stability. In this regard, solubility can be a leading indicator. Tefzel, with a regularly alternating structure of the monomers tetrafluoroethylene and ethylene, has no known solvent in ordinary conditions. In contrast, polyvinylidene fluoride, the chemical isomer of Tefzel, is soluble in common industrial ketones (e.g., methyl ethyl ketone). Ethylene/trifluoroethylene is soluble in some fluorinated solvents. The substituted polymers are also adversely affected by strong acids and alkalies. Of the three mentioned, Tefzel is compatible with the broadest range of chemicals under a wide range of conditions.
Equal proportions of the comonomers react to produce a polymer where individual monomers alternate regularly along its chain.
Typical properties of Tefzel appear in Table 2. Data in Table 2 and Table 1 show that the polarity and accompanying interpolymer chain attraction enhance the physical properties of the substituted polymer over those of the unsubstituted, fully fluorinated polymer. Note, for example, that Tefzel has about 1.5 times greater strength than Teflon and 2 times greater stiffness.
Tefzel Fluoropolymer Resin
Table 2
Summary and Conclusion
The chemistry and physicochemistry inherent in the fully fluorinated polymer structures allow Teflon FEP and Teflon PFA fluorocarbon resins to provide unique resin component benefits for chemical corrosion resistance. Tefzel fluoropolymer resin comes closer to Teflon than any other partially fluorinated resin, in chemical and electrical properties, while providing enhanced mechanical ruggedness and economical processing.
